Nursing related PICO to include in text citations and references

Here’s a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) question related to nursing that focuses on smoking cessation, along with in-text citations and references.

PICO Question
In adult smokers (P), how does the use of a combination of behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy (I) compared to behavioral therapy alone (C) affect the quit rates (O) over a 6-month period?

Rationale
Smoking is a leading cause of preventable diseases and deaths globally. Effective smoking cessation strategies are critical in improving health outcomes for smokers. Understanding the efficacy of combining behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy can help healthcare professionals optimize smoking cessation programs.

In-Text Citations
Research indicates that combining pharmacological interventions, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or medications like varenicline and bupropion, with behavioral therapy significantly increases smoking cessation rates compared to behavioral therapy alone (McRobbie et al., 2020). Behavioral interventions help to address the psychological aspects of addiction, while pharmacotherapy assists in managing withdrawal symptoms and cravings (Kaufman et al., 2021).

References
Kaufman, A. R., Hsu, C., & Perkins, K. A. (2021). Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for tobacco dependence. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 78(1), 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.015

McRobbie, H., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Hajek, P. (2020). The effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: A systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(2), CD013166. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013166

Conclusion
This PICO question highlights the importance of evaluating different smoking cessation strategies. Evidence suggests that the combination of behavioral and pharmacological approaches is more effective than behavioral therapy alone, which can guide nursing practice in developing comprehensive smoking cessation programs for patients.