. Describe two tools or measurements you would utilize to assess your older patient for cardiac risk

1. Describe two tools or measurements you would utilize to assess your older patient for cardiac risk.

2. Alex is an 82-year-old patient who has presented for his annual checkup. He states he has been feeling more tired lately, and has noticed that his ankles have been swelling at the end of the day. Upon auscultation of his heart, you hear a new S3. What are your two differential diagnoses?

3. According to the GOLD Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention, A Guide for Health Care Professionals, 2017, what would the predicted FEV be for GOLD 4 very severe COPD?

4. You diagnose your older patient with intermittent asthma. List at least three (3) criteria for the diagnosis of intermittent asthma.

5. Edna is 81 years old with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). You know that a characteristic of COPD is chronic airflow limitation resulting from a parenchymal destruction (emphysema) and small airways disease (e.g., obstructive bronchiolitis). Describe at least three (3) risk factors for developing COPD.

6. You examine a new 69-year-old patient who presents with a whitish gray ring around his iris. What is the name of this phenomena and how is it related to cardiovascular disease?

7. Edna is a typically healthy 80-year-old patient who is now complaining of new shortness of breath when she climbs stairs at home, and she states she has been more tired than usual. List three ROS questions you would want to ask her, using the OLDCARTS method.

8. Mrs. L is a 71-year-old Hispanic female with a PMH of seasonal allergies and her only medication is aspirin 81 mg; she presents to the clinic with the following symptoms: Recurrent wheezing, cough (especially occurring at night), recurrent chest tightness, and dyspnea on exertion. She also complains of a chronic rhinorrhea with postnasal drip. Please list four (4) differential diagnoses for these symptoms.