illustrate the fives modes within which  an ethical leader can exercise authority

Ethical leaders exercise their authority through various modes that align with their ethical principles and values:

1. Lead by Example: Ethical leaders set a positive precedent by adhering to high moral standards themselves. Their actions become a model for their followers to emulate.
2. Empowerment: Ethical leaders empower their team members, allowing them to take ownership of their work and make ethical decisions. This mode builds trust and promotes accountability.
3. Servant Leadership: Ethical leaders prioritize the needs of their followers and focus on serving their interests. They support personal and professional growth and ensure their well-being.
4. Inspirational Leadership: Ethical leaders use their vision and passion to inspire and motivate their followers toward ethical behavior. They communicate a compelling ethical purpose.
5. Participative Decision-Making: Ethical leaders involve their followers in decision-making processes, valuing their input and creating a collaborative environment where ethical considerations are prominent.

b. Factors Related to Unethical Behavior of Leaders:

Several factors in the interpersonal dimension contribute to unethical behavior among leaders:

1. Lack of Integrity: Leaders who lack personal integrity may compromise their ethical principles to achieve personal gains or organizational goals.
2. Ego and Hubris: Excessive pride and ego can lead leaders to disregard ethical concerns, believing their actions are justified due to their perceived superiority.
3. Lack of Empathy: Leaders who lack empathy may make decisions that harm others without considering the ethical implications of their choices.
4. Poor Communication: Inadequate communication can lead to misunderstandings and unethical behavior. Leaders who fail to provide clear guidelines may inadvertently foster misconduct.

c. Bases of Power in Leader-Follower Relationship:

Leaders can leverage various bases of power to influence their followers:

1. Legitimate Power: Derived from a leader’s formal position and authority within the organization.
2. Reward Power: The ability to provide rewards or incentives to motivate followers.
3. Coercive Power: The use of punishments or penalties to control behavior.
4. Expert Power: Based on a leader’s knowledge, skills, and expertise.
5. Referent Power: Arises from followers’ respect, admiration, and identification with the leader.

d. Function of Organizational Culture:

Organizational culture shapes the behavior, values, and interactions of individuals within the organization. It serves several functions:

1. Guiding Behavior: Culture provides a framework that guides employee behavior, ensuring consistency and alignment with organizational values.
2. Building Identity: Culture creates a sense of identity and belonging among employees, fostering unity and shared purpose.
3. Defining Norms: Culture establishes norms and standards of conduct that influence ethical decision-making and behavior.
4. Influencing Communication: Culture affects how information is shared, encouraging transparency and open communication.

e. Considerations for Constituting Corporate Board:

When constituting a corporate board, several considerations are essential:

1. Diversity: Ensure diverse representation in terms of skills, backgrounds, gender, and ethnicity to bring varied perspectives to decision-making.
2. Expertise: Select board members with relevant expertise in areas critical to the organization’s operations.
3. Independence: Balance the board with independent members who can provide unbiased oversight.
4. Ethics and Integrity: Choose individuals with a proven track record of ethical behavior and commitment to good governance.

f. Process of Developing a Code of Conduct:

Developing a code of conduct involves the following steps:

1. Research and Consultation: Gather input from stakeholders, employees, and legal experts to understand the organization’s ethical challenges.
2. Drafting: Create a comprehensive document outlining ethical standards, behaviors, and expectations.
3. Review and Approval: Circulate the draft among key stakeholders for feedback and revisions. Obtain leadership and legal approval.
4. Communication: Launch the code of conduct through training, workshops, and communication campaigns to ensure understanding and compliance.

g. Factors to Consider in Evaluating a Board of Directors:

Evaluating a board of directors involves considering various factors:

1. Performance: Assess the board’s ability to make strategic decisions and provide effective oversight.
2. Diversity: Evaluate diversity in skills, backgrounds, and perspectives to ensure comprehensive decision-making.
3. Independence: Consider the percentage of independent directors and their ability to provide unbiased oversight.
4. Engagement: Measure the level of engagement, attendance, and participation of board members in meetings and discussions.

h. Component of Ethical Leadership in Good Governance:

Ethical leadership is essential for realizing good governance:

1. Transparency: Ethical leaders promote transparency by communicating openly, sharing information, and adhering to ethical standards.
2. Accountability: Ethical leaders take responsibility for their actions and decisions, setting an example for the organization.
3. Integrity: Ethical leaders demonstrate integrity by aligning actions with values and consistently upholding ethical principles.

i. Areas Related to Followers Contributing to Unethical Leadership:

Followers can contribute to unethical leadership in several ways:

1. Blind Obedience: Followers who unquestioningly follow their leaders’ directives, even if they’re unethical, contribute to the perpetuation of misconduct.
2. Silence: When followers fail to speak up against unethical behavior, they enable and normalize such conduct.
3. Lack of Accountability: Followers who evade responsibility for their actions can create an environment where unethical behavior goes unchecked.